Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Expanded and updated with new findings and new features
* New chapter on Global Climate providing a self-contained treatment of climate forcing, feedbacks, and climate sensitivity
* New chapter on Atmospheric Organic Aerosols and new treatment of the statistical method of Positive Matrix Factorization
* Updated treatments of physical meteorology, atmospheric nucleation, aerosol-cloud relationships, chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons
* Each topic developed from the fundamental science to the point of application to real-world problems
* New problems at an introductory level to aid in classroom teaching

Preface to the First Edition xxiii

Preface to the Third Edition xxv

PART I | The Atmosphere and Its Constituents

Chapter 1 | The Atmosphere 3

1. 1 History and Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere 3

1. 2 Climate 5

1. 3 Layers of the Atmosphere 5

1. 4 Pressure in the Atmosphere 7

1. 5 Temperature in the Atmosphere 10

1. 6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere 10

1. 7 Airborne Particles 14

1. 8 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes 14

Problems 16

References 17

Chapter 2 | Atmospheric Trace Constituents 18

2. 1 Atmospheric Lifetime 19

2. 2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds 23

2. 3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 27

2. 4 Carbon-Containing Compounds 32

2. 5 Halogen-Containing Compounds 40

2. 6 Atmospheric Ozone 44

2. 7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols) 47

2. 8 Mercury 55

2. 9 Emission Inventories 55

Appendix 2. 1 US Air Pollution Legislation 56

Appendix 2. 2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics) 57

Problems 59

References 61

PART II | Atmospheric Chemistry

Chapter 3 | Chemical Kinetics 69

3. 1 Order of Reaction 69

3. 2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics 71

3. 3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation 76

3. 4 Reactions of Excited Species 77

3. 5 Termolecular Reactions 78

3. 6 Chemical Families 81

3. 7 Gas-Surface Reactions 83

Problems 84

References 87

Chapter 4 | Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry 88

4. 1 Radiation 88

4. 2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere 91

4. 3 Beer . Lambert Law and Optical Depth 93

4. 4 Actinic Flux 95

4. 5 Atmospheric Photochemistry 97

4. 6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases 100

4. 7 Absorption by O2 and O3 105

4. 8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude 109

4. 9 Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D) 112

4. 10 Photodissociation of NO2 114

Problems 117

References 117

Chapter 5 | Chemistry of the Stratosphere 119

5. 1 Chapman Mechanism 122

5. 2 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles 129

5. 3 HOx Cycles 134

5. 4 Halogen Cycles 139

5. 5 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles 144

5. 6 Ozone Hole 146

5. 7 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry 155

5. 8 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 162

5. 9 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere 165

5. 10 Ozone Depletion Potential 167

Problems 168

References 173

Chapter 6 | Chemistry of the Troposphere 175

6. 1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere 176

6. 2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3 179

6. 3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide 181

6. 4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane 188

6. 5 The NOx and NOy Families 192

6. 6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NOx 195

6. 7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules 203

6. 8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation 208

6. 9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry 212

6. 10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere 214

6. 11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons 233

6. 12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds 244

6. 13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds 246

6. 14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds 249

6. 15 Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury 2