Inflation-Indexed Securities

The global market for inflation-indexed securities has ballooned in recent years, and this trend is set to continue. This book examines the rationale behind issuance and investment decisions, and details the issues facing anyone who designs indexed securities, illustrating them wherever possible with actual examples from the international capital markets. In particular, an extensive review of indexed debt markets throughout the world is provided - including for the first time, a comprehensive and consistent set of cash flow and price-yield equations for the instruments already in existence in the major bond markets - forming an important reference for those already experienced in the field, as well as practitioners and academics approaching the subject for the first time.

The book also provides unique insight into the development of inflation-indexed derivative products, and the analytical tools required to value such instruments.

List of Exhibits. List of Figures.
List of Tables.
About the Authors.
Foreword by Sir Edward George.
Preface to the Second Edition.
Acknowledgements.
Disclaimer.
List of Abbreviations.
1 What Are Inflation-indexed Securities and Derivatives?
1. 1 A historical perspective.
1. 2 How indexed bonds work.
1. 3 The role of derivatives.
2 Security Design.
2. 1 Choice of price index.
2. 1. 1 Index matching.
2. 1. 2 Index reliability and integrity.
2. 1. 3 Other practical considerations.
2. 2 Cash flow structure.
2. 2. 1 Capital Indexed Bond (CIB).
2. 2. 2 Interest Indexed Bond (IIB).
2. 2. 3 Current Pay Bond (CPB).
2. 2. 4 Indexed Annuity Bond (IAB).
2. 2. 5 Indexed Zero-Coupon Bond (IZCB).
2. 2. 6 Other types of indexed bonds.
2. 2. 7 Cash flows of the different structures.
2. 2. 8 Factors that influence the choice of security design.
2. 3 Application of the index to the cash flows.
2. 3. 1 The problem of the indexation lag.
2. 3. 2 Why indexation lags are necessary.
2. 3. 3 How to minimise the indexation lag.
2. 3. 4 Full or partial indexation?
2. 4 The impact of tax regulations.
2. 4. 1 Uncertainty of post-tax real yields.
2. 4. 2 The effect of income accrual rules.
2. 5 Options on indexed bonds.
2. 5. 1 Callable bonds.
2. 5. 2 Puttable bonds.
2. 5. 3 Convertible bonds.
2. 6 Method of issue.
2. 6. 1 Pricing.
2. 6. 2 Cost-effectiveness and market development.
2. 6. 3 Consistency with other instruments.
2. 6. 4 What happens in practice?
2. 7 Summary.
Appendices.
A2. 1 Calculating the base annuity payment for Indexed Annuity Bonds (IABs).
A2. 2 Barro's proposal for revising the inflation adjustment of payments on index-linked gilts.
3 Why Invest in Indexed Debt?
3. 1 Reducing inflation risk.
3. 2 Relative stability of returns.
3. 3 Performance relative to conventional bonds and equities.
3. 4 Total return opportunities.
3. 5 Duration and other cash flow considerations.
3. 6 Taxation.
3. 7 Liquidity.
3. 8 Other potential deterrents to investing in indexed bonds.
3. 9 Alternatives to indexed bonds.
3. 9. 1 Treasury bills.
3. 9. 2 Equities.
3. 9. 3 Property.
3. 10 Summary.
4 Why Issue Indexed Bonds?
4. 1 Why governments issue indexed bonds.
4. 1. 1 Reducing borrowing costs: the role of inflation expectations.
4. 1. 2 Reducing borrowing costs: saving the inflation risk premium.
4. 1. 3 Risk management.
4. 1. 4 Inflation-indexed bonds and monetary policy.
4. 1. 5 Maintaining long-term capital markets in difficult economic conditions.
4. 2 Why private corporations issue indexed bonds.
4. 3 The relative scarcity of index-linked bonds.
4. 4 Summary.
5 Inflation and Real Interest Rate Analysis.
5. 1 Measures of real interest rates.
5. 1. 1 Real gross redemption yields.
5. 1. 2 Hedge ratios: the duration and "beta" of inflation-indexed bonds.
5. 1. 3 The term structure of real interest rates.
5. 2 Measures of inflation expectations.
5. 2. 1 Break-even inflation rates.
5. 2. 2 The "inflation term structure".
5. 2. 3 The inflation risk premium and bond convexity.
5. 3 Analysis of real interest rates and inflation expectations.
5. 3. 1 Real interest rates.
5. 3. 2 Measures of inflation expectations.
5. 4 Summary.
6 Major International Indexed Bond Markets.
6. 1 Australia.
6. 1. 1 A brief history of indexation in Australia.
6. 1. 2 The structure of the Commonwealth Treasury Indexed Bond (TIB) market.
6. 2 Canada.
6. 3 France.
6. 3. 1 The history of indexation in France.
6. 3. 2 The introduction of inflation-indexed OATs (Obligations assimilables du Tré sor).
6. 3. 3 Indexation to pan-European inflation - OATcEUR i bonds.
6. 4 Sweden.
6. 4. 1 The formation of the Swedish government index-linked bond market.
6. 4. 2 The development of the market toward international standards.
6. 4. 3 Recent developments.
6. 5 United Kingdom.
6. 5. 1 A brief history of the index-linked gilt market.
6. 5. 2 The structure of the index-linked gilt market.
6. 5. 3 The market for non-government index-linked bonds in the UK.
6. 6 United States of America.
6. 6. 1 A brief history of indexation in the USA.
6. 6. 2 The launch of the Treasury Inflation-Indexed Securities (TIIS) market.
6. 6. 3 The expansion of the TIIS programme in the fiscal surplus years.
6. 6. 4 Recent developments in the market for inflation-indexed securities in the USA.
Appendices.
A6. 1 Cash flow calculations for Australian Capital Indexed Bonds (CIBs).
A6. 1. 1 Calculation of interest payments.
A6. 1. 2 Calculation of the settlement price.
A6. 2 Cash flow calculations for Canadian Real Return Bonds (RRBs).
A6. 2. 1 Indexing process.
A6. 2. 2 Calculation of interest payments.
A6. 2. 3 Calculation of the redemption payment.
A6. 2. 4 Calculation of the settlement price.
A6. 3 Cash flow calculations for French OATi and OATcEUR i bonds.
A6. 3. 1 Indexing process.
A6. 3. 2 Calculation of interest payments.
A6. 3. 3 Calculation of the redemption payment.
A6. 3. 4 Calculation of the settlement price.
A6. 4 Cash flow calculations for Swedish index-linked Treasury bonds.
A6. 4. 1 Indexing process.
A6. 4. 2 Calculation of interest payments (for coupon-bearing bonds).
A6. 4. 3 Calculation of the redemption payment.
A6. 4. 4 Calculation of the settlement price.
A6. 5 Cash flow calculations for UK Index-linked Gilts (IGs).
A6. 5. 1 Indexing process.
A6. 5. 2 Calculation of interest payments.
A6. 5. 3 Calculation of the redemption payment.
A6. 5. 4 Calculation of accrued interest.
A6. 5. 5 Calculation of real yields.
A6. 6 Cash flow calculations for US Treasury Inflation-Indexed Securities (TIIS).
A6. 6. 1 Indexing process.
A6. 6. 2 Calculation of interest payments.
A6. 6. 3 Calculation of the redemption payment.
A6. 6. 4 Calculation of the settlement price.
7 Other Indexed Bond Markets.
7. 1 Argentina.
7. 2 Austria.
7. 3 Bolivia.
7. 4 Brazil.
7. 4. 1 1964-1986 Readjustable National Treasury Obligations (ORTNs).
7. 4. 2 1986-today National Treasury Obligations (OTNs), Treasury Bonds (BTNs) and National Treasury Notes (NTNs).
7. 5 Chile.
7. 6 Colombia.
7. 7 Czech Republic.
7. 8 Denmark.
7. 9 Finland.
7. 10 Germany.
7. 11 Greece.
7. 12 Hungary.
7. 13 Iceland.
7. 14 India.
7. 15 Ireland.
7. 16 Israel.
7. 17 Italy.
7. 18 Japan.
7. 19 Kazakhstan.
7. 20 Mexico.
7. 21 Netherlands.
7. 22 New Zealand.
7. 23 Norway.
7. 24 Peru.
7. 25 Poland.
7. 26 Portugal.
7. 27 South Africa.
7. 28 Spain.
7. 29 Switzerland.
7. 30 Turkey.
Appendices.
A7. 1 Calculation of the settlement price for Colombian TES-UVR bonds.
A7. 1. 1 Calculation of the settlement price.
A7. 1. 2 Price calculation example.
A7. 2 Calculation of the settlement price for Icelandic Treasury Bonds.
A7. 2. 1 Indexing process.
A7. 2. 2 Calculation of the settlement price.
A7. 2. 3 Price calculation example.
A7. 3 Calculation of real yields for Israeli inflation-indexed bonds.
A7. 3. 1 Sagi and Galil bonds.
A7. 3. 2 Kfir bonds.
A7. 4 Cash flow calculations for New Zealand Treasury inflation-indexed bonds.
A7. 4. 1 Calculation of interest payments.
A7. 4. 2 Calculation of the settlement price.
A7. 5 Exchange rates.
8 Inflation-linked Derivatives: Market Description.
8. 1 Overview.
8. 1. 1 Introduction.
8. 1. 2 Why Inflation-linked (IL) derivatives?
8. 1. 3 The Inflation-linked (IL) derivatives markets in 2003.
8. 2 A brief history of Inflation-linked derivatives markets.
8. 2. 1 Early history.
8. 2. 2 The UK market.
8. 2. 3 The French and Euro-zone markets.
8. 2. 4 The Swedish market.
8. 2. 5 Non-European markets.
8. 3 Inflation payers (issuers).
8. 3. 1 Standard derivative solutions for Inflation-linked (IL) issuers.
8. 3. 2 Private Finance Initiative (PFI) projects in the UK.
8. 3. 3 UK housing associations.
8. 3. 4 Swap structures to mitigate credit exposure.
8. 4 Inflation receivers (investors).
8. 4. 1 The use of inflation swaps to hedge pension liabilities.
8. 4. 2 Inflation-guaranteed and Inflation-linked (IL) retail products.
8. 5 Inflation options.
8. 5. 1 Options embedded in bonds.
8. 5. 2 Standalone inflation options in the Over The Counter (OTC) market.
8. 6 Future trends.
8. 6. 1 Market standardization.
8. 6. 2 Pension reforms in Europe.
8. 6. 3 The implications of changes to accounting standards.
8. 6. 4 Further development of the inflation derivatives markets.
Appendix.
A8. 1 Example swap and option structures.
A8. 1. 1 Capital Indexed Bond (CIB)-style swaps.
A8. 1. 2 Real annuity swaps.
A8. 1. 3 Interest Indexed Bond (IIB)-style swaps.
A8. 1. 4 Standard inter-dealer broker market structures.
9 Inflation-linked Derivatives: Pricing, Hedging and Other Technical Aspects.
9. 1 Outline.
9. 2 Pricing approaches.
9. 2. 1 What is meant by ''pricing''?
9. 2. 2 Four levels of pricing.
9. 2. 3 Level I.
9. 2. 4 Level II.
9. 2. 5 Level III.
9. 2. 6 Level IV.
9. 3 Deriving a forward Consumer Price Index (CPI) curve for Level II and III markets.
9. 3. 1 Piecewise linear continuous function in CPI space.
9. 3. 2 Piecewise linear continuous function in inflation space.
9. 4 ''Level I'' markets in Europe: intraregional Euro-zone inflation spreads.
9. 5 Alternative approaches to the construction of inflation curves.
9. 6 Asset swaps - connecting swap and bond prices.
9. 7 Hedging a swapped new issue.
9. 7. 1 A simple ''interim'' hedge.
9. 7. 2 A more precise hedge.
9. 7. 3 A portfolio hedge for net outright inflation risk.
9. 8 The evolution of the Euro-zone HICPswap market.
9. 8. 1 Seven lessons from seven months of Euro-zone inflation swap data.
9. 9 Historical estimation of price index volatilities.
9. 10 Pricing inflation options.
9. 10. 1 Zero percent zero-coupon floors.
9. 10. 2 Year-on-year inflation floors.
9. 11 Summary.
10 Conclusion.
References.
Bibliography.
Useful websites.
Index.