The Cambridge History of Africa

The five and a half centuries described in this volume were those in which Iron Age cultures passed from their early and experimental phases into stages of maturity characterized by long-distance trade and complex, many-tiered political systems. In Egypt and North Africa it was a period of religious and cultural consolidation when the Arabic language and the faith of Islam were adopted by the majority of the indigenous Copts and Berbers. In the sub-Saharan Savanna it was a period rather of penetration when Muslim merchants and clerics built up small but significant minorities of Negro African converts. Muslim migrants conquered the Nilotic Sudan, encircled Christian Ethiopia and settled the coastline of eastern Africa. But throughout the period African states, large and small, were strong enough, relatively, to control their visitors from the outside world. The main significance of the outsiders, whether Muslim or Christian, was as literate observers of the African scene.

Introduction: some interregional themes Roland Oliver; 1. Egypt, Nubia, and the Eastern Deserts Ivan Hrbek; 2. Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn Taddesse Tamrat; 3. The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean H. Neville Chittick; 4. The eastern Maghrib and the central Sudan H. J. Fisher; 5. The western Maghrib and Sudan Nehemia Levtzion; 6. Upper and lower guinea J. D. Fage; 7. Central Africa from Cameroun to the Zambezi David Birmingham; 8. Southern Africa David Birmingham, and Shula Marks; 9. The East African interior Roland Oliver.