Measurement and Instrumentation Principles

'Measurement and Instrumentation Principles' is the latest edition of a successful book that introduces undergraduate students to the measurement principles and the range of sensors and instruments that are used for measuring physical variables. Completely updated to include new technologies such as smart sensors, displays and interfaces, the 3rd edition also contains plenty of worked examples and self-assessment questions (and solutions). In addition, a new chapter on safety issues focuses on the legal framework, electrical safety and failsafe designs, and the author has also concentrated on RF and optical wireless communications. Fully up-to-date and comprehensively written, this textbook is essential for all engineering undergraduates, especially those in the first two years of their course. Completely updatedIncludes new technologies such as smart sensors and displays

1;Cover;1 2;Contents;6 3;Preface;18 4;Acknowledgements;21 5;Part 1: Principles of Measurement;22 5.1;Chapter 1. Introduction to measurement;24 5.1.1;1.1 Measurement units;24 5.1.2;1.2 Measurement system applications;27 5.1.3;1.3 Elements of a measurement system;29 5.1.4;1.4 Choosing appropriate measuring instruments;30 5.2;Chapter 2. Instrument types and performance characteristics;33 5.2.1;2.1 Review of instrument types;33 5.2.2;2.2 Static characteristics of instruments;37 5.2.3;2.3 Dynamic characteristics of instruments;44 5.2.4;2.4 Necessity for calibration;50 5.2.5;2.5 Self-test questions;51 5.3;Chapter 3. Errors during the measurement process;53 5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;53 5.3.2;3.2 Sources of systematic error;54 5.3.3;3.3 Reduction of systematic errors;60 5.3.4;3.4 Quantification of systematic errors;63 5.3.5;3.5 Random errors;63 5.3.6;3.6 Aggregation of measurement system errors;77 5.3.7;3.7 Self-test questions;81 5.3.8;References and further reading;84 5.4;Chapter 4. Calibration of measuring sensors and instruments;85 5.4.1;4.1 Principles of calibration;85 5.4.2;4.2 Control of calibration environment;87 5.4.3;4.3 Calibration chain and traceability;88 5.4.4;4.4 Calibration records;91 5.4.5;References and further reading;93 5.5;Chapter 5. Measurement noise and signal processing;94 5.5.1;5.1 Sources of measurement noise;94 5.5.2;5.2 Techniques for reducing measurement noise;97 5.5.3;5.3 Introduction to signal processing;99 5.5.4;5.4 Analogue signal filtering;99 5.5.5;5.5 Other analogue signal processing operations;107 5.5.6;5.6 Digital signal processing;116 5.5.7;References and further reading;122 5.6;Chapter 6. Electrical indicating and test instruments;123 5.6.1;6.1 Digital meters;123 5.6.2;6.2 Analogue meters;125 5.6.3;6.3 Cathode ray oscilloscope;135 5.6.4;6.4 Digital storage oscilloscopes;139 5.6.5;References and further reading;139 5.7;Chapter 7. Variable conversion elements;140 5.7.1;7.1 Bridge circuits;140 5.7.2;7.2 Resistance measurement;155 5.7.3;7.3 In
ductance measurement;159 5.7.4;7.4 Capacitance measurement;159 5.7.5;7.5 Current measurement;161 5.7.6;7.6 Frequency measurement;162 5.7.7;7.7 Phase measurement;166 5.7.8;7.8 Self-test questions;168 5.7.9;References and further reading;171 5.8;Chapter 8. Signal Transmission;172 5.8.1;8.1 Electrical transmission;172 5.8.2;8.2 Pneumatic transmission;175 5.8.3;8.3 Fibre-optic transmission;176 5.8.4;8.4 Optical wireless telemetry;181 5.8.5;8.5 Radio telemetry (radio wireless transmission);182 5.8.6;8.6 Digital transmission protocols;184 5.8.7;References and further reading;185 5.9;Chapter 9. Digital computation and intelligent devices;186 5.9.1;9.1 Principles of digital computation;186 5.9.2;9.2 Intelligent devices;198 5.9.3;9.3 Self-test questions;206 5.9.4;References and further reading;207 5.10;Chapter 10. Instrumentation/computer networks;208 5.10.1;10.1 Introduction;208 5.10.2;10.2 Serial communication lines;209 5.10.3;10.3 Parallel data bus;211 5.10.4;10.4 Local area networks (LANs);213 5.10.5;10.5 Gateways;216 5.10.6;10.6 HART;216 5.10.7;10.7 Digital fieldbuses;217 5.10.8;10.8 Communication protocols for very large systems;219 5.10.9;10.9 Future development of networks;220 5.10.10;References and further reading;220 5.11;Chapter 11. Display, recording and presentation of measurement data;221 5.11.1;11.1 Display of measurement signals;221 5.11.2;11.2 Recording of measurement data;223 5.11.3;11.3 Presentation of data;233 5.11.4;11.4 Self-test questions;243 5.11.5;References and further reading;244 5.12;Chapter 12. Measurement reliability and safety systems;245 5.12.1;12.1 Reliability;245 5.12.2;12.2 Safety systems;257 5.12.3;12.3 Self-test questions;262 5.12.4;References and further reading;263 6;Part 2: Measurement Sensors and Instruments;266 6.1;Chapter 13. Sensor technologies;268 6.1.1;13.1 Capacitive and resistive sensors;268 6.1.2;13.2 Magnetic sensors;268 6.1.3;13.3 Hall-effect sensors;270 6.1.4;13.4 Piezoelectric transducers;271 6.1.5;13.5 Strain gauges;272 6
.1.6;13.6 Piezoresistive sensors;273 6.1.7;13.7 Optical sensors (air path);273 6.1.8;13.8 Optical sensors (fibre-optic);274 6.1.9;13.9 Ultrasonic transducers;280 6.1.10;13.10 Nuclear sensors;288 6.1.11;13.11 Microsensors;289 6.1.12;References and further reading;291 6.2;Chapter 14. Temperature measurement;292 6.2.1;14.1 Principles of temperature measurement;292 6.2.2;14.2 Thermoelectric effect sensors (thermocouples);293 6.2.3;14.3 Varying resistance devices;304 6.2.4;14.4 Semiconductor devices;307 6.2.5;14.5 Radiation thermometers;308 6.2.6;14.6 Thermography (thermal imaging);314 6.2.7;14.7 Thermal expansion methods;315 6.2.8;14.8 Quartz thermometers;318 6.2.9;14.9 Fibre-optic temperature sensors;318 6.2.10;14.10 Acoustic thermometers;319 6.2.11;14.11 Colour indicators;320 6.2.12;14.12 Change of state of materials;320 6.2.13;14.13 Intelligent temperature-measuring instruments;321 6.2.14;14.14 Choice between temperature transducers;321 6.2.15;14.15 Self-test questions;323 6.2.16;References and further reading;324 6.3;Chapter 15. Pressure measurement;325 6.3.1;15.1 Diaphragms;326 6.3.2;15.2 Capacitive pressure sensor;327 6.3.3;15.3 Fibre-optic pressure sensors;327 6.3.4;15.4 Bellows;328 6.3.5;15.5 Bourdon tube;329 6.3.6;15.6 Manometers;331 6.3.7;15.7 Resonant-wire devices;332 6.3.8;15.8 Dead-weight gauge;333 6.3.9;15.9 Special measurement devices for low pressures;333 6.3.10;15.10 High-pressure measurement (greater than 7000 bar);336 6.3.11;15.11 Intelligent pressure transducers;337 6.3.12;15.12 Selection of pressure sensors;337 6.4;Chapter 16. Flow measurement;340 6.4.1;16.1 Mass flow rate;340 6.4.2;16.2 Volume flow rate;342 6.4.3;16.3 Intelligent flowmeters;359 6.4.4;16.4 Choice between flowmeters for particular applications;359 6.4.5;References and further reading;360 6.5;Chapter 17. Level measurement;361 6.5.1;17.1 Dipsticks;361 6.5.2;17.2 Float systems;361 6.5.3;17.3 Pressure-measuring devices (hydrostatic systems);362 6.5.4;17.4 Capacitive devices;364 6.5.5;17.
5 Ultrasonic level gauge;365 6.5.6;17.6 Radar (microwave) methods;367 6.5.7;17.7 Radiation methods;367 6.5.8;17.8 Other techniques;369 6.5.9;17.9 Intelligent level-measuring instruments;372 6.5.10;17.10 Choice between different level sensors;372 6.5.11;References and further reading;372 6.6;Chapter 18. Mass, force and torque measurement;373 6.6.1;18.1 Mass (weight) measurement;373 6.6.2;18.2 Force measurement;380 6.6.3;18.3 Torque measurement;382 6.7;Chapter 19. Translational motion transducers;386 6.7.1;19.1 Displacement;386 6.7.2;19.2 Velocity;403 6.7.3;19.3 Acceleration;404 6.7.4;19.4 Vibration;407 6.7.5;19.5 Shock;409 6.8;Chapter 20. Rotational motion transducers;411 6.8.1;20.1 Rotational displacement;411 6.8.2;20.2 Rotational velocity;428 6.8.3;20.3 Measurement of rotational acceleration;438 6.8.4;References and further reading;439 6.9;Chapter 21. Summary of other measurements;440 6.9.1;21.1 Dimension measurement;440 6.9.2;21.2 Angle measurement;447 6.9.3;21.3 Flatness measurement;449 6.9.4;21.4 Volume measurement;449 6.9.5;21.5 Viscosity measurement;450 6.9.6;21.6 Moisture measurement;453 6.9.7;21.7 Sound measurement;457 6.9.8;21.8 pH measurement;458 6.9.9;21.9 Gas sensing and analysis;460 6.9.10;References and further reading;465 7;Appendix 1. ImperialmetricSI conversion tables;466 8;Appendix 2. Thévenins theorem;473 9;Appendix 3. Thermocouple tables;479 10;Appendix 4. Solutions to self-test questions;485 11;Index;490