Over the past decade, knowledge assets and intellectual capital have been attracting an increasing amount of attention, not only from academics and CEOs, but also from national policy makers. To date, most studies of intellectual capital have focused at the organizational level, with an emphasis on explaining the role of "intangible assets" as a differentiator between accounting value and market value as a possible source of corporate competitive advantage. More recently, pioneers in the field, including the authors of this book, have begun to apply these methodologies to a broader scope, with the objective of comparing the intellectual capital indices at the national or regional level. As a result, an increasing number of world organizations and researchers are commissioned to investigate this future-oriented crucial national issue. Yet, the linkage between the value of intangible assets and how to quantify or benchmark it is still tenuous, not to mention easily misunderstood by a layman for guiding better decision making.
With the belief that numbers talk and statistics hide valuable information, this book serves to present the authors' research findings, covering 14 years (1995-2008) of intellectual capital information, comprised of human capital, market capital, process capital, renewal capital, and financial capital for 40 countries. The last three chapters go beyond analysis of current intellectual capital factors, and present practical tools for launching initiatives at the national level. The book will serve as an essential resource for researchers, policy makers, and business leaders concerned with issues of economic growth and competitiveness, innovation, and business creation.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Foreword;6 2;Foreword;8 3;Preface;10 4;Preface;12 5;Contents;14 6;Chapter 1: Introduction of National Intellectual Capital;20 6.1;Introduction;20 6.2;Development of National Intellectual Capital;21 6.3;Five Types of Component Capital;22 6.4;Expected Contributions;24 6.5;Chapter Organization of This Book;25 7;Chapter 2: Background of National Intellectual Capital;26 7.1;Motivation for Writing This Book;26 7.2;Current National Intellectual Capital Measurement Models;27 7.2.1;Measurements Proposed by Regional or World Development Organizations;28 7.2.1.1;The World Banks Knowledge Assessment Methodology;28 7.2.1.2;OECD Measurement Models;29 7.2.1.3;United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Model;29 7.2.2;National Intellectual Capital Models Proposed by Individual Researchers;30 7.3;Obstacles to the Measurement of National Intellectual Capital;31 7.4;Summary;35 8;Chapter 3: Methods and National Intellectual Capital Ranking of 40 Countries;36 8.1;Proposed National Intellectual Capital Measurement Model;36 8.2;Indicator Selection and Validation;37 8.3;Validation of NICI40 Measurement Model;40 8.4;Methods;40 8.5;National Intellectual Capital Indices for 40 Countries;41 8.6;Appendix 1;46 8.7;Appendix 2;49 9;Chapter 4: National Intellectual Capital of Five Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden);51 9.1;Introduction;51 9.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;52 9.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Five Nordic Countries;58 9.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;62 9.5;General Descriptive Information on the Five Nordic Countries;65 9.6;Summary;78 10;Chapter 5: National Intellectual Capital of Four Larger Western European Countries (France, Germany, Ireland, UK);81 10.1;Introduction;81 10.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;82 10.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Larger European Countries;86 10.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital De
velopment;90 10.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four Larger European Countries;93 10.6;Summary;102 11;Chapter 6: National Intellectual Capital of Four Smaller Western European Countries (Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland);104 11.1;Introduction;104 11.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;105 11.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Smaller European Countries;110 11.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;113 11.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four Smaller European Countries;116 11.6;Summary;125 12;Chapter 7: National Intellectual Capital of Four Southern European Countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain);128 12.1;Introduction;128 12.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;129 12.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Southern European Countries;134 12.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;137 12.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four Southern European Countries;140 12.6;Summary;151 13;Chapter 8: National Intellectual Capital of Four East Central European Countries and South Africa (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,South Africa, Turkey);153 13.1;Introduction;153 13.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;154 13.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four East Central European Countries and South Africa;159 13.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;163 13.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four East Central European Countries and South Africa;166 13.6;Summary;177 14;Chapter 9: National Intellectual Capital of Two North American Countries (Canada, USA);179 14.1;Introduction;179 14.2;National Intellectual Capital of the Two Countries;181 14.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Two North American Countries;183 14.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;186 14.5;General Descriptive Information on the Two North American Co
untries;188 14.6;Summary;188 15;Chapter 10: National Intellectual Capital of Four Latin American Countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico);196 15.1;Introduction;196 15.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;197 15.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Latin American Countries;201 15.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;204 15.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four Latin American Countries;205 15.6;Summary;208 16;Chapter 11: National Intellectual Capital of Australia and New Zealand;219 16.1;Introduction;219 16.2;National Intellectual Capital of Australia and New Zealand;221 16.3;Comparison of Capital Components of Australia and New Zealand;223 16.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;226 16.5;General Descriptive Information on Australia and New Zealand;228 16.6;Summary;232 17;Chapter 12: National Intellectual Capital of Three East Asian Countries (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan);235 17.1;Introduction;235 17.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;236 17.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Three East Asian Countries;240 17.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;243 17.5;General Descriptive Information on the Three East Asian Countries;245 17.6;Summary;252 18;Chapter 13: National Intellectual Capital of Four Southeast Asian Countries (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand);254 18.1;Introduction;254 18.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;255 18.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Southeast Asian Countries;259 18.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;263 18.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four Southeast Asian Countries;266 18.6;Summary;266 19;Chapter 14: National Intellectual Capital of the Four BRIC Countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China);276 19.1;Introduction;276 19.2;National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country;277
19.3;Comparison of Capital Components of the Four BRIC Countries;281 19.4;Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development;285 19.5;General Descriptive Information on the Four BRIC Countries;288 19.6;Summary;298 20;Chapter 15: National Intellectual Capital Development: Trajectory from a Poor to a Fast Growth Country;300 20.1;Introduction;300 20.2;National Intellectual Capital of the Five Poorest Countries;301 20.3;National Intellectual Capital of the Five Fastest Growth Countries;305 20.4;Comparison of the Poorest and Fastest Growth Countries;308 20.5;Trajectory from a Poor to a Fast Growth Country;311 20.5.1;Summary;316 21;Chapter 16: Dynamic Systems in National Intellectual Capital;318 21.1;Ranking Changes of the Five Component Capitals;318 21.2;GDP Growth Comparison;326 21.3;Intangible Asset Indicators of Various World Organizations;328 21.4;Paths for Planned National Intellectual Capital Growth;328 21.5;Summary;346 21.6;Appendices;347 21.7;Appendix 1;348 21.8;Appendix 2;350 21.9;Appendix 3;352 21.10;Appendix 4;354 21.11;Appendix 5;356 21.12;Appendix 6;358 22;Chapter 17: Policy Implications and Future Perspectives;360 22.1;Introduction;360 22.2;Internal and External National Intellectual Capital Issues;361 22.3;Policy Implications;364 22.3.1;GDP Implications;364 22.3.2;National Context Implications;365 22.3.3;Currency Effect Implications;366 22.3.4;Effectiveness Implications;366 22.3.5;IC Formula I: Turning Liability into Potential and into Value;367 22.4;On-Going National Intellectual Capital Development;367 22.4.1;Promote National Intellectual Capital Creation Routes;367 22.4.2;Encourage Three Types of National Intellectual Capital Growth Patterns;368 22.4.2.1;Pattern #1: From A to A+ (Capital Score Percentile from 70th to 90th);369 22.4.2.2;Pattern #2: A Big Stride (Capital Score Percentile from 50th to 90th);369 22.4.2.3;Pattern #3: From Good to Better (Capital Score Percentile from 40th to 60th);370 22.4.3;Create Intellectual Capital Ac
celerator;372 22.4.4;Establish an Intellectual Capital Incubator;374 22.5;Suggestions for BRIC Countries;374 22.6;Limitations and Future Perspectives;380 22.7;Conclusion;380 23;After Note: Looking from Outside;383 24;References;385 25;Glossary;396 26;Author Index;399 27;Subject Index;401
