Morning Hours

The last work published by Moses Mendelssohn during his lifetime, Morning Hours (1785) is also the most sustained presentation of his mature epistemological and metaphysical views, all elaborated in the service of presenting proofs for the existence of God. But Morning Hours is much more than a theoretical treatise. It also plays a central role in the drama of the Pantheismusstreit, Mendelssohn's "dispute" with F. H. Jacobi over the nature and scope of Lessing's attitude toward Spinoza and "pantheism". As the latest salvo in a war of texts with Jacobi, Morning Hours is also Mendelssohn's attempt to set the record straight regarding his beloved Lessing in this connection, not least by demonstrating the absence of any practical (i. e. , religious or moral) difference between theism and a "purified pantheism".

First Part. - Preliminary report. - Preliminary Knowledge of Truth, Semblance, and Error. - I. What is truth? - II. Cause Effect Ground Force. - III. Evidence Of immediate Knowledge. Rational Knowledge Knowledge of Nature. - IV. Truth and Illusion. - V. Existence Being Awake Dreams Rapture. - VI. Combination of Ideas Idealism. - VII. Continuation. The Idealist' s Dispute with the Dualist. Truth-Drive and Approval- Drive. - Second Part. - Scientific Doctrinal Concepts of God' s Existence. - VIII. Importance of the Investigation. On Basedow s Principle of the Duty to Believe. - Axiomata. - IX. The evidence of the pure and the applied doctrine of magnitudes. Comparison with the evidence for the proofs of God' s existence. Different methods of those proofs. - X. Allegorical Dream. Reason and Common Sense. - XI. Epicureanism. Accident. Chance. A Series of Causes and Effects, without End, without Beginning. Progression into Infinity, Forwards and Backwards. The Timeless, without Beginning, without End and without Progression. - XII. Sufficient Reason for the Contingent in the Necessary. The former is
somewhere
and
sometimes
, the latter is everywhere and all times. The former is only in relation to space and time; the latter is unqualifiedly the best and most perfect. Everything that is, is best. All God' s thoughts, insofar as they have the best as their subject, attain actuality. - XIII. Spinozism. Pantheism. All is One and One is All. Refutation. - XIV. Continued dispute with the pantheists. Approximation. Point of unison with them. Innocuousness of the
purified
patheism. Compatibility with religion and ethics insofar as they are practical. - XV. Lessing. His Contribution to the Religion of Reason. His Thoughts on Purified Pantheism. - XVI. Elucidation of the concepts ofnecessity, contingency, independence, and dependence. Attempt at a new proof for the existence of God on the basis of the incompleteness of self-knowledge. - XVII. The
a priori
Grounds of Proof of the Existence of a supremely perfect, necessary, independent Being.