Enzyme Immunoassays

Since the classical work of Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson on the radioim­ munoassay of insulin in the late 1950s, which so brilliantly opened new domains in the diagnostics sector, immunoassays have been well received as a diagnostic and research tool in several disciplines of life sciences. The economics, rapidity, sensitivity, specificity, and the easy-to-use approach of immunodiagnostic tests are widely recognized, and have had a tremendous impact on clinical, agricultural, food, veterinary, and environmental diagnostics. At present, in the clinical diag­ nostic sector alone, immunoassay products command an annual worldwide mar­ ket value in excess of U. S. $10 billion, which is expanding by about 10% per annum. The recent trend toward increasing demand for automation of immunoassays and stable reagents clearly shows a definitive shift to nonisotopic immunoassay systems on a large scale. Historically, enzyme immunoassays have been in a prime position for in-house applications, primarily because of the easy access to inex­ pensive measuring equipment as well as to a vast body of literature on labeling techniques and applications. The recent popularity with the general public of sev­ eral over-the-counter immunoassay products based on this technology, such as glucose level kits for diabetics, cholesterol screening tests, and pregnancy detec­ tion test kits, is quite evident.

I: Basic Considerations (Concepts). - 1 Introduction. - 2 Antibodies: Biochemistry, Structure, and Function. - 3 Antigen-Antibody Reactions. - 4 Conjugation Techniques. - 5 Antibody Production. - 6 Enzymes and Signal Amplification Systems. - 7 Separation and Solid-Phase Systems. - II: Product Development. - 8 Immunoassay Classification and Commercial Technologies. - 9 Assay Development, Evaluation, and Validation. - 10 Reagent Formulations and Shelf Life Evaluation. - 11 Data Analysis. - 12 Documentation, Registration, and Diagnostics Start-Ups.