The Furies

Preface xiii Introduction 3 PART ONE CONCEPTUAL SIGNPOSTS 1. Revolution 23 2. Counterrevolution 45 3. Violence 71 4. Terror 93 5. Vengeance 126 6. Religion 141 PART TWO CRESCENDO OF VIOLENCE 7. The Return of Vengeance: Terror in France, 1789-95 171 8. In the Eye of a "Time of Troubles": Terror in Russia, 1917-21 227 PART THREE METROPOLITAN CONDESCENSION AND RURAL DISTRUST 9. Peasant War in France: The Vendee 323 10. Peasant War in Russia: Ukraine and Tambov 371 PART FOUR THE SACRED CONTESTED 11. Engaging the Gallican Church and the Vatican 413 12. Engaging the Russian Orthodox Church 449 13. Perils of Emancipation: Protestants and Jews in the Revolutionary Whirlwind 483 PART FIVE A WORLD UNHINGED 14. Externalization of the French Revolution: The Napoleonic Wars 533 15. Internalization of the Russian Revolution: Terror in One Country 607 Index 703

Arno J. Mayer is Professor of History Emeritus at Princeton University. He is the author of The Persistence of the Old Regime. Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking.

Co-Winner of the 2001 Award for Scholarly Distinction, American Historical Association "[An] impressively measured, frank and thoughtful book... Ambitious ... Continuously suggestive and inquiring."--John Dunn, The Times Literary Supplement "[An] enormous and ambitious work... Comparing the French and Russian revolutions, Mayer focuses on how they reflected the struggle between revolutionary ardor and counterrevolutionary resistance, antireligious fervor and religious intransigence. He stresses the contingencies affecting revolutionary terror rather than the ideology or psychology of leaders. [Mayer's] examination of conceptual signposts such as revolution, violence, vengeance, and terror is a useful contribution to the history of ideas."--Stanley Hoffman, Foreign Affairs "A courageous and dispassionate reflection on the French and Russian revolutions. This is the first serious attempt to answer the revisionist historians, many of whom insist on viewing the past through the prism of present day requirements. Mayer reminds us that revolutions by their very nature provoke a violent response from those being deprived of power."--Tariq Ali, The Financial Times "Probably the best comparative study of the French and Russian Revolutions to date. Carefully researched and filled with cogent and insightful analysis, it is mandatory reading for all scholars in the field."--J.W. Thacker, History "Mayer's absorbing recapitulation of these ultimately tragic events leaves the reader with the desire to read more about the French and Russian Revolutions: the best compliment any historical work can receive."--Library Journal "There are many ways to read this long, rich and idiosyncratic book. As Mayer warns, objective and value-free study of the subject is impossible ... Mayer traces the road from reform to rage and terror, one of menace and fear, vengeance and countervengeance, exhilaration, self-delusion and mutual carnage. He has wise things to say about the blending of traditional enmities and new war cries, and about the clash between urban imperialism and rural distrust, about the satisfaction of butchering familiar enemies rather than complete strangers, about the rise of informing as a civic virtue... [A] long, rich, and idiosyncratic book."--Eugen Weber, New York Times Book Review "Mayer boasts a long record of intellectual provocation... [Here he] minimizes the rold of both ideology and the personality of the revolutionaries. Violence, he argues, resulted from seismic collisions of old order and new... Indeed, Mayer demonstrates, some of the bloodiest episodes of both revolutions occurred as old animosities between Christians and Jews, Catholics and Protestants, and contending groups in the countryside turned into armed antagonisms."--Corey Robin, Boston Review ?[Mayer] insists that contrary to such conservative scolds as Edmund "Burke and Hannah Arendt, violence is not the product of ideological intoxication; it is an objective historical necessity in all polities. Citing an array of hard-headed thinkers from Machiavelli to Hobbes to Carl Schmitt...Mayer affirms that violence has been indispensable to every 'founding act' in history, even in such legalistic polities as our own--a proposition which it is difficult to dispute."--Martin Malia, Los Angeles Times Book Review