Instrumentation Between Science, State and Industry

these. In this book, we appropriate their conception of research-technology, and ex tend it to many other phenomena which are less stable and less localized in time and space than the Zeeman/Cotton situation. In the following pages, we use the concept for instances where research activities are orientated primarily toward technologies which facilitate both the production of scientific knowledge and the production of other goods. In particular, we use the tenn for instances where instruments and meth ods· traverse numerous geographic and institutional boundaries; that is, fields dis tinctly different and distant from the instruments' and methods' initial focus. We suggest that instruments such as the ultra-centrifuge, and the trajectories of the men who devise such artefacts, diverge in an interesting way from other fonns of artefacts and careers in science, metrology and engineering with which students of science and technology are more familiar. The instrument systems developed by re search-technologists strike us as especially general, open-ended, and flexible. When tailored effectively, research-technology instruments potentially fit into many niches and serve a host of unrelated applications. Their multi-functional character distin guishes them from many other devices which are designed to address specific, nar rowly defined problems in a circumscribed arena in and outside of science. Research technology activities link universities, industry, public and private research or me trology establishments, instrument-making finns, consulting companies, the military, and metrological agencies. Research-technology practitioners do not follow the career path of the traditional academic or engineering professional.

1 A Fresh Look at Instrumentation: An Introduction. - Research-Technology. - A Specific Kind of Instrumentation. - The Book. - I Origins of the Research-Technology Community. - 2 From Theodolite to Spectral Apparatus: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the Invention of a German Optical Research-Technology. - 3 The Research-Technology Matrix: German Origins, 1860 1900. - II Interstitial Worlds. - 4 Displacing Radioactivity. - 5 Strange Cooperations: The U. S. Research-Technology Perspective, 1900 1955. - 6 Mediating Between Plant Science and Plant Breeding: The Role of Research-Technology. - III Purviews of Generic Instruments. - 7 In Search of Space: Fourier Spectroscopy, 1950 1970. - 8 Putting Isotopes to Work: Liquid Scintillation Counters, 1950 1970. - 9 Making Mice and Other Devices: The Dynamics of Instrumentation in American Biomedical Research (1930 1960). - IV Standardized Languages. - 10 From Dynamometers to Simulations: Transforming Brake Testing Technology Into Antilock Braking Systems. - 11 From the Laboratory to the Market: The Metrological Arenas of Research-Technology. - In Conclusion. - 12 Research-Technology in Historical Perspective: An Attempt at Reconstruction. - Bibliography of Selected References. - List of Contributors. - Bibliographical Notes on Contributors. - Author Index.