Estrogen - Mystery Drug for the Brain?

It is well known that estrogen is "somehow a protective hormone for various age-related disorders. This book provides a solid knowledge of estrogen s neuroprotective activities in the brain with a special emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer s Disease. The focus is (1) to describe the biochemical, molecular, and cellular basis of the protective activity of estrogen and (2) to transfer this knowledge into the hospitals by discussing preventive and therapeutic approaches such as estrogen replacement therapy for post-menopausal women.
Besides up-to-date information on estrogen and the brain, this book explains in a highly understandable manner molecular and cellular techniques by which basic data have been collected. The reader, which may include the professional specialist as well as the interested non-specialist, will also gain insight into the scientific transfer process of knowledge from basic science to the clinical situation and therefore "from bench to bed .

General abbreviations. - 1. Introduction. - Estrogen more than just a female sex hormone. - Estrogen is a hormone: but what are hormones, anyway? . - A little history. - How do hormones act? . - Estrogen THE sex hormone and more. - 2. Estrogen is a steroid. - Production of sex hormones in the gonadal glands. - Biosynthesis of sex hormones. - 3. Estrogen acts via receptors. - Estrogen s classics the genomic pathway of estrogen action. - Modulation of the estrogen receptor function. - To be or not to be? Are there membrane ERs? . - 4. Non-classical activities of estrogen. - Rapid non-genomic effects compared to slow genomic effects of steroid hormones: what makes the difference? . - Rapid effects of estrogen. - Structure-dependent effects: estradiol as antioxidant. - Reactive oxygen species (ROS): normal byproducts of life under oxygen. - Antioxidant defense lines of the cell. - Estradiol is an antioxidant similar to ? -tocopherol (vitamin E). - Dietary phenols and the blood-brain-barrier. - 5. General physiological activities of estrogen. - Lessons from the ERKO-mice. - 6. Estrogen s actions in the brain. - Estrogen receptors in the brain. - Neuroactivities of estrogens in brain areas outside the hypothalamus: the effect of sex differences. - Effects of estrogen on the cholinergic system. - Effects of estrogen on the serotonergic and catecholaminergic system. - Activities of estrogen on glial cells. - Are there gender differences in brain function? . - Sexual differentiation and gross gender differences in brain structure and function. - Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus. - Non-classical activities of estrogen in the brain. - Estrogen as neuroactive steroid and estradiol s non-genomic effects at neuronal membranes 79 Estrogen s cross-talks with the intracellular signaling in neurons. - Estrogen and MAP kinase signaling. - Estrogen s cross-talk with other signal pathways in neurons. - Estrogen is a phenolic antioxidant. - The pathogenetic role of oxidative stress in the CNS. - The brain is particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. - 7. Protection of the brain by estrogen. - Estrogen as drug for the brain? . - Menopause, and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). - Estrogen and human diseases: general beneficial effects of estrogen. - Estrogen as a drug for the treatment and prevention of brain diseases? . - Estrogen in neuropsychiatric disorders. - 8. Nerve cell protection by estrogen: molecular mechanisms. - Life is difficult, at the cellular and molecular level, too. - Protective effect of estrogen in cultured neuronal cells. - Mechanisms of nerve cell death. - The two main routes to cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. - Executioners of apoptosis: caspases. - How to detect apoptosis? . - Is there apoptosis in Alzheimer s Disease? . - Apoptosis in post-mortem AD brain tissue. - Apoptosis and necrosis of nerve cells in culture (in vitro). - AD genetics and apoptosis. - Investigations of estrogen s neuroprotective activities in vitro. - Intracellular molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by estrogen. - Direct ER-dependent neuroprotection: induction of neuroprotective genes. - Cross-Talks of estradiol with neuroprotective signaling. - MAP-kinase signaling. - Phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase. - NF-? B. - NF-? B is an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor. - NF-? B has anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic activities. - Cyclic AMP/CREB-signaling. - Intracellular Cat2+levels and electrophysiology. - Estradiol is a neuroprotective antioxidant: ER-independent effects. - Oxidative stress as a generaltrigger of nerve cell death. - Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. - Estradiol is a neuroprotective antioxidant. - 9. Outlook. - Estrogen s neuroprotective target genes and estrogen s effects on neuronal stem cells. - Estrogen and stem cells. - 10. References.