Microbial Biochemistry

Microbial physiology, biochemistry and genetics allowed the formulation of concepts that turned out to be important in the study of higher organisms. In the first section, the principles of bacterial growth are given, as well as the description of the different layers that enclose the bacterial cytoplasm, and their role in obtaining nutrients from the outside media through different permeability mechanism described in detail. A chapter is devoted to allostery and is indispensable for the comprehension of many regulatory mechanisms described throughout the book. Another section analyses the mechanisms by which cells obtain the energy necessary for their growth, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic and the anaplerotic cycles. Two chapters are devoted to classes of microorganisms rarely dealt with in textbooks, namely the Archaea, mainly the methanogenic bacteria, and the methylotrophs. Eight chapters describe the principles of the regulations at the transcriptional level, with the necessary knowledge of the machineries of transcription and translation. The next fifteen chapters deal with the biosynthesis of the cell building blocks, amino acids, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and deoxynucleotides, water-soluble vitamins and coenzymes, isoprene and tetrapyrrole derivatives and vitamin B12. The two last chapters are devoted to the study of protein-DNA interactions and to the evolution of biosynthetic pathways. The considerable advances made in the last thirty years in the field by the introduction of gene cloning and sequencing and by the exponential development of physical methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance have helped presenting metabolism under a multidisciplinary attractive angle.

Bacterial growth. - The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and the cytoplasmic membrane. - Peptidoglycan synthesis and cell division. - Cellular permeability. - Allosteric enzymes. - Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and cellulose biosynthesis. - The pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. - The tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass. - ATP-generating processes. Respiration and Fermentation. - Biosynthesis of lipids. - Iron-sulfur proteins. - The Archaea. - Methanogens and methylotrophs. - Enzyme induction in catabolic systems. - Transcription. RNA polymerase. - Negative regulation. - Enzyme repression in anabolic pathways. - Positive regulation. - The Ribosomes, Translation, Chaperones and Chaperonins. - The genetic code, the transfer RNAs and the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases. - Attenuation. - Regulation by RNAs and Riboswitches. - The biological fixation of nitrogen. - How biosynthetic pathways have been established. - The aspartic acid family of amino acids. - Regulation ofthe biosynthesis of the amino acids of the aspartic acid family in Enterobacteriaceae. - Other patterns of regulation of the synthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family. - Biosynthesis of the amino acids of the glutamic acid family and its regulation. - Biosynthesis of amino acids derived from phosphoglyceric acid and pyruvic acid. - Selenocysteine and selenoproteins. - Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and its regulation. - The biosynthesis of histidine and its regulation. - The biosynthesis of nucleotides. - The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. - Biosynthesis of some water-soluble vitamins and of their coenzyme forms. - Biosynthesis of carotene, vitamin A, sterols, ubiquinones and menaquinones. - Biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole ring system. - Biosynthesis of cobalamins including vitamin B_{12. -} Interactions between proteins and DNA. - Evolution of biosynthetic pathways.