Molecular Aspects of Medicine, Volume 7 discusses diseases such as urolithiasis. Another term for this disease is calculosis. Urolithiasis occurs when stones are formed in areas such as the biliary, salivary, or renal systems, but it is found more often in the urinary tract. The epidemiology and etiology of the disease are extensively covered in the book. The second chapter focuses on the cell surface of healthy and disease-infected cells. Topics such as the plasma membrane, the extracellular matrix, and cell culture and transformation are also covered in the said chapter. The third chapter of the book is about the serum steroid transport proteins. This chapter discusses the biochemistry and clinical significance of the steroid binding proteins, albumin, and different binding globulins. The fourth chapter covers the physiology and pharmacology of emesis. The book concludes with a discussion on the mechanisms of pain and opioid-induced analgesia. The text can be a useful tool for doctors, medical technologists, students, and researchers in the field of medicine.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Front Cover;1 2;Molecular Aspects of Medicine;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Table of Contents;6 5;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;7 6;PART I: MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF IDIOPATHIC UROLITHIASIS;8 6.1;LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES;11 6.2;INTRODUCTION;14 6.3;CHAPTER 1. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF IDIOPATHIC STONE DISEASE;16 6.3.1;1.1. Epidemiology of Bladder Stone Disease;16 6.3.2;1.2. Etiology of Bladder Stone Disease;24 6.3.3;1.3. Epidemiology of Renal Stone Disease;27 6.3.4;1.4. Etiology of Idiopathic Renal Lithiasis;40 6.4;CHAPTER 2. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXALIC ACID;46 6.4.1;2.1. Process of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization;49 6.4.2;2.2. Inhibitors of the Crystal Growth and Aggregation of Calcium Oxalate;53 6.4.3;2.3. Some Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization and Their Relation to Stone Formation;55 6.4.4;2.4. Role of Trace Metals in Urolithiasis;59 6.4.5;2.5. Role of Enzyme Activity in Kidney Stone Formation;59 6.4.6;2.6. RNA or RNA-like Material;59 6.4.7;2.7. Role of Polyphosphate Ions;60 6.5;CHAPTER 3. SOURCES OF OXALIC ACID, INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM AND PHYSIOLOGY OF OXALATE;62 6.5.1;3.1. Dietary Oxalate and Intestinal Absorption of Oxalate;62 6.5.2;3.2. Dietary Glycolate and Glycolate Intestinal Absorption;66 6.5.3;3.3. Endogenous Synthesis of Oxalate;71 6.5.4;3.4. Glycolate - Glyoxylate - Oxalate Intermediary Metabolism;79 6.5.5;3.5. Other Pathways of Glyoxylate Metabolism;83 6.5.6;3.6. Hormonal Control of Oxalate Metabolism;86 6.5.7;3.7. Physiology;87 6.6;CHAPTER 4. ROLE OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE AND MAGNESIUM IN IDIOPATHIC UROLITHIASIS;96 6.6.1;4.1. Control, Modulation and Regulation of Calcium;97 6.6.2;4.2. Control, Modulation and Regulation of Phosphorus;106 6.6.3;4.3. Role of Magnesium in Idiopathic Urolithiasis;111 6.7;CHAPTER 5. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES LEADING TO OXALATE STONE FORMATION: NUTRITIONAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS;114 6.7.1;5.1. Nutritional Disorders;114 6.7.2;5.2. Genetic Disorders;130 6.8;CHAPTER 6. FUTURE TRENDS IN OXALATE METABOLISM;134 6.8.1;6.1. Mod
ulation of Oxalate Biosynthesis;134 6.8.2;6.2. Inhibition of Oxalate Biosynthesis - Prophylactic Use;134 6.8.3;6.3. Inhibitors of Crystallization - Prophylactic Use;134 6.8.4;6.4. Dissolution of Stones in vivo - Is it Possible?;135 6.8.5;6.5. Induction of Oxalate-Metabolizing Systems in Stone Formers;135 6.8.6;6.6. Concluding Remarks;135 6.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;135 6.10;REFERENCES;136 7;PART II: THE CELL SURFACE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE;184 7.1;PREFACE;188 7.2;CHAPTER 1. THE PLASMA MEMBRANE;190 7.2.1;1.1. Lipid Bilayers;190 7.2.2;1.2. Asymmetry of the Plasma Membrane;194 7.2.3;1.3. Membrane Proteins;194 7.2.4;1.4. Membrane Fluidity;196 7.2.5;1.5. Factors Influencing Fluidity;196 7.3;CHAPTER 2. THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX;198 7.3.1;2.1. Collagens;199 7.3.2;2.2. Proteoglycans;200 7.3.3;2.3. Physical Characteristics of Proteoglycans;201 7.4;CHAPTER 3. CELL CULTURE AND TRANSFORMATION;204 7.4.1;3.1. Cell Culture;204 7.4.2;3.2. Senescence and Ageing;205 7.4.3;3.3. Established Cell Lines and Immortality;206 7.4.4;3.4. Cell Types;206 7.4.5;3.5. Requirements for Growth;208 7.4.6;3.6. Cell Transformation;208 7.5;CHAPTER 4. CELL ADHESION;210 7.5.1;4.1. Substrata;210 7.5.2;4.2. Synthetic Substrata;212 7.5.3;4.3. Cell Spreading;213 7.5.4;4.4. Ultrastructure of the Moving Fibroblast;215 7.5.5;4.5. Interaction of Microfilaments with the Cell Surface;216 7.6;CHAPTER 5. FIBRONECTIN AND LAMININ;218 7.6.1;5.1. Fibronectin;218 7.6.2;5.2. Domain Structure of Fibronectin;221 7.6.3;5.3. Role of Fibronectin;223 7.6.4;5.4. Laminin;223 7.6.5;5.5. Laminin and Pathology;225 7.7;CHAPTER 6. LYMPHOCYTE ADHESION;226 7.7.1;6.1. Role of the Lymphatic System;226 7.7.2;6.2. Lymphocyte Movement;227 7.7.3;6.3. Recognition Between Lymphocyte and Endothelium;228 7.8;CHAPTER 7. GROWTH FACTORS AND THE CELL SURFACE;230 7.8.1;7.1. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor;231 7.8.2;7.2. Fibroblast Growth Factor;232 7.8.3;7.3. Epidermal Growth Factor;233 7.8.4;7.4. Proteases, Mitogenesis and the Cell Surface;233 7.8.5;7.5. Synerg
ism Between Growth Factors and Substratum;234 7.8.6;7.6. High Density Lipoprotein as a Mitogenic Factor;235 7.9;CHAPTER 8. RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS;236 7.9.1;8.1. Nutrients Delivered in Complex Form;236 7.9.2;8.2. Transferrin Receptor;237 7.9.3;8.3. Low Density Lipoprotein;239 7.9.4;8.4. Metabolism of Low Density Lipoprotein;241 7.9.5;8.5. Alpha-2-MacroglobulIn;242 7.9.6;8.6. The Asialoprotein Receptor;242 7.9.7;8.7. Endocytosis;243 7.9.8;8.8. Recycling;244 7.10;CHAPTER 9. ENDOTHELIAL CELL SURFACE;246 7.10.1;9.1. Anticoagulant Properties of the Cell Surface;246 7.10.2;9.2. Coagulant Properties of the Cell Surface;247 7.10.3;9.3. The Endothelial Surface and Capillary Filtration;248 7.10.4;9.4. Plasminogen Activators;250 7.11;CHAPTER 10. ATHEROSCLEROSIS;252 7.11.1;10.1. The Atherosclerotic Lesion;253 7.11.2;10.2. Mechanism of Formation of Fibrotic Plaque;254 7.11.3;10.3. Role of the Platelet in Fibrotic Plaque;255 7.11.4;10.4. Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis;256 7.11.5;10.5. Familial Hypercholesterolaemia;257 7.11.6;10.6. Metabolism of Lipoprotein in Atherosclerotic Plaque;258 7.11.7;10.7. The Macrophage and Low Density Lipoprotein;258 7.11.8;10.8. The Monotypic Hypothesis;261 7.12;CHAPTER 11. TUMOUR BIOLOGY AND THE CELL SURFACE;264 7.12.1;11.1. Tumours, Growth Factors and Oncogenes;265 7.12.2;11.2. Phosphorylated Surface Proteins;266 7.12.3;11.3. Oncogenes and Human Tumours;268 7.12.4;11.4. Activation of Oncogenes;269 7.12.5;11.5. Problems Associated with Cell Transformation Assays;271 7.12.6;11.6. More Than One Step Involved in Transformation;271 7.12.7;11.7. Oncogenes and Growth Factors;273 7.13;CHAPTER 12. METASTASIS;276 7.13.1;12.1. Involvement of the Cell Surface;276 7.13.2;12.2. Site of Metastasis;277 7.13.3;12.3. Movement of Cells Between Tissues;278 7.13.4;12.4. Problems Associated with Model Systems;280 7.13.5;12.5. Clonal Nature of Metastases;280 7.13.6;12.6. Cell Surface Components and Metastasis;281 7.13.7;12.7. Interactions of Tumour Cells with Nor
mal Blood Cells;283 7.13.8;12.8. Fibrin and Tumour Arrest;284 7.13.9;12.9. Invasion Across the Blood Vessel;285 7.13.10;12.10. Movement Through the Endothelium;286 7.13.11;12.11. Degradative Enzymes and the Metastatic Process;287 7.13.12;12.12. Specific Substrates of Enzymes;289 7.13.13;12.13. Fibronectin and Metastasis;290 7.13.14;12.14. Plasminogen Activators and Malignancy;291 7.14;REFERENCES;294 8;PART III: THE SERUM STEROID TRANSPORT PROTEINS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE;320 8.1;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;322 8.1.1;1.1. Historical aspects of steroid-binding by serum proteins;322 8.1.2;1.2. Steroid-binding proteins and evolution;323 8.1.3;1.3. Biochemistry of human serum steroid-binding proteins;325 8.2;CHAPTER 2. MOLECULAR BASIS OF STEROID TRANSPORT AND ?????;338 8.2.1;2.1. Foreword;338 8.2.2;2.2. The free biologically active model;339 8.2.3;2.3. Model for both free and albumin-delivered steroids being biologically active;342 8.2.4;2.4. Specific steroid-binding proteins as steroid carriers into the target cell;347 8.2.5;2.5. Effects of steroids on their plasma specific binding proteins synthesis;351 8.3;CHAPTER 3. BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA SPECIFIC STEROID-BINDING PROTEINS;352 8.3.1;3.1. Introduction;352 8.3.2;3.2. Indirect techniques of measurement;352 8.3.3;3.3. Direct or immunological techniques of measurement;361 8.4;CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF PLASMA STEROID-BINDING PROTEINS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN;366 8.4.1;4.1. Normal physiological conditions;366 8.4.2;4.2. Pathological conditions;371 8.4.3;4.3. Pharmacology;376 8.5;CHAPTER 5. PLASMA STEROID-BINDING PROTEINS IN TUMOUR DISEASES;378 8.5.1;5.1. Breast cancer;378 8.5.2;5.2. Prostatic carcinoma;380 8.5.3;5.3. Prolactinoma;381 8.5.4;5.4. Malignant liver diseases;381 8.5.5;5.5. Gestational trophoblastic diseases;382 8.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;387 8.7;REFERENCES;388 9;PART IV: THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF EMESIS;404 9.1;INTRODU
CTION;406 9.2;CHAPTER 1. THE VOMITING PROCESS;410 9.2.1;1.1. General Features;410 9.2.2;1.2. Patterns of Muscular Activity;411 9.3;CHAPTER 2. NEURAL BASIS OF VOMITING;416 9.3.1;2.1. Medullary Structures;416 9.3.2;2.2. Efferent Systems;420 9.3.3;2.3. Afferent Systems;422 9.4;CHAPTER 3. VOMITING AND RADIATION EXPOSURE;448 9.5;CHAPTER 4. EMETIC AND ANTIEMETIC DRUGS;458 9.5.1;4.1. Neuroleptics;462 9.5.2;4.2. Antihistamines;470 9.5.3;4.3. Miscellaneous Antiemetic Drugs;471 9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;484 9.7;REFERENCES;485 10;PART V: THE MECHANISMS OF PAIN AND OPIOID-INDUCED ANALGESIA;516 10.1;CHAPTER 1. PAIN MECHANISMS;518 10.1.1;1. Pain Receptors;519 10.1.2;2. Afferent Neurones;520 10.1.3;3. Spinal Cord;522 10.1.4;4. Supraspinal Centres;523 10.1.5;5. Descending Control Systems;523 10.2;CHAPTER 2. TRANSMITTERS INVOLVED IN PAIN PATHWAYS;526 10.2.1;1. Mediators of Hyperalgesia;526 10.2.2;2. Putative Neurotransmitters;528 10.3;CHAPTER 3. ANALGESIA;534 10.3.1;REFERENCES;544 10.3.2;1. Stimulation-Produced Analgesia;534 10.3.3;2. Centrally Acting Analgesics;537 10.3.4;3. Peripherally Acting Analgesics;541 11;SUBJECT INDEX;554
