Wear of Metals

Wear of Metals deals with the mechanisms underlying the wear of metals such as brass, cast iron, and aluminum-silicon alloys. Topics covered include surface topography, contact of solids, and friction, along with the effect of sliding and rolling resistance. Fretting, wear under rolling contact, and the friction and wear of polymers are also discussed. Comprised of 27 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of adhesion, types of wear, and friction and wear experiments. The following chapters explore surface topography and the contact (single and multiple) of solids; molecular theory of friction and wear; running-in wear and abrasive wear; and surface contaminants. An oxidational hypothesis of wear is then presented, and the phenomenology of metal transfer involving steel on brass and steel on steel is described. The remaining chapters consider sliding in surfaces and subsurfaces; the effect of temperature and speed on friction and wear; the role of solubility and crystal structure in friction and wear; and wear of brass. The two principal effects associated with rolling, namely, the slip or creep and energy loss, are also examined. Examples of tribological components are given. This book should be of value to undergraduates and research workers in the fields of metallurgy and engineering.

1;Front Cover;1 2;Wear of Metals;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Table of Contents;8 5;Dedication;6 6;Preface;16 7;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;18 7.1;1.1. Adhesion;18 7.2;1.2. Contaminants;19 7.3;1.3. Types of Wear;19 7.4;1.4. Friction and Wear Experiments;19 7.5;1.5. Metallurgical Examination;23 7.6;1.6. Application of Wear Results;23 8;CHAPTER 2. SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY;25 8.1;2.1. Asperities;25 8.2;2.2. Measurement of Waviness;26 8.3;2.3. Asperity Angle;27 8.4;2.4. Measure of Roughness;28 8.5;2.5. Fullness or Emptiness;28 8.6;2.6. Abbot's Bearing curve;29 9;CHAPTER 3. CONTACT OF SOLIDS;31 9.1;3.1. Single Contact;31 9.2;3.2. Multiple Contact;33 9.3;3.3. An Idealised Rough Surface;33 9.4;3.4. A Realistic Rough Surface;35 9.5;3.5. Plastic Contact;37 9.6;3.6. Effect of Work Hardening;38 10;CHAPTER 4. FRICTION;41 10.1;4.1. Area of Contact;41 10.2;4.2. Adhesion of Junctions;42 10.3;4.3. Mechanism of Friction;45 10.4;4.4. Amontons ' Laws;47 11;CHAPTER 5. EFFECT OF SLIDING;49 11.1;5.1. Junction Growth;49 11.2;5.2. Work of Adhesion;50 11.3;5.3. Kinetic Friction;52 11.4;5.4. Stick-Slip;53 11.5;5.5. Thermal Effect;54 11.6;5.6. Oxide Film;56 11.7;5.7. Sliding Between Brittle Surfaces;56 11.8;5.8. Effect of Contaminants on Friction;57 12;CHAPTER 6. MOLECULAR THEORY OF FRICTION AND WEAR;59 12.1;6.1. Dry Friction;59 12.2;6.2. Wear;61 13;CHAPTER 7. RUNNING-IN WEAR;63 13.1;7.1. Wear Curve;63 13.2;7.2, Mechanism;63 13.3;7.3. Law of Running-In Wear;64 14;CHAPTER 8. ADHESIVE WEAR;66 14.1;8.1. Rate of Wear;66 14.2;8.2. Junction Interaction;67 14.3;8.2. Law of Adhesive Wear;67 14.4;8.4. Asperity Angle;69 14.5;8.5. Fatigue Mechanism;72 15;CHAPTER 9. OXIDATIONAL HYPOTHESIS OF WEAR;76 15.1;9.1. Oxidational Hypothesis;76 15.2;9.2. Comment on Equation 9.7.;77 16;CHAPTER 10. SURFACE CONTAMINANTS;79 16.1;10.1. Fractional Film Defect;79 16.2;10.2. Heat of Adsorption Theory;80 16.3;10.2. Importance of E.;84 16.4;10.4. A Simplified Law.;84 17;CHAPTER 11. ABRASIVE WEAR;86 17.1;11,1, Abrasive Wear Coefficient;86 1
7.2;11,2, Abrasive Wear Resistance.;87 17.3;11.3, Abrasives at the Interface;88 17.4;11,4, Stored Energy.;89 18;CHAPTER 12. WEAR DEBRIS;91 18.1;12,1, Energy Consideration.;91 18.2;12,2, Debris Size;92 18.3;12.3, Effect of Load;93 19;CHAPTER 13. METAL TRANSFER;95 19.1;13,1, Steel on Brass;95 19.2;13,2, Steel on Steel;96 19.3;13,3, Amount of Transfer;97 20;CHAPTER 14. SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE;99 20.1;14,1, Surface Layers and Sublayers;99 20.2;14.2. Friction;99 20.3;14,3, Surface Fatigue;99 20.4;14.4. Plasticity Index;100 21;CHAPTER 15. TEMPERATURE AND SPEED;102 21.1;15.1. Temperature;102 21.2;15.2. Speed;103 22;CHAPTRE 16. SOLUBILITY;107 22.1;16.1. Solubility;107 23;CHAPTER 17. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE;110 23.1;17.1. Adhesion Coefficient;110 23.2;17.2. Experiment with Cobalt;110 23.3;17.3. Rare Earth Materials;111 23.4;17.4, Change of Texture;112 24;CHAPTER 18. ROLLING RESISTANCE;113 24.1;18.1. Principles of Rolling Motion;113 24.2;18.2. Slip;113 24.3;18.3. Rolling in the Plastic Range;115 24.4;18.4. Rolling in the Elastic State;118 24.5;18.5. Shake-Down-Limit;119 25;CHAPTER 19. WEAR UNDER ROLLING CONTACT;122 25.1;19.1. Slip Area;122 25.2;19.2. Wear;122 25.3;19.3. A Law of Rolling Wear;123 26;CHAPTER 20. POLYMERS;127 26.1;20.1. Friction and Wear;127 26.2;20.2. A General Law of Friction;128 26.3;20.3. Rubber;130 27;CHAPTER 21. FRETTING;133 27.1;21.1. Four Stages of Fretting;133 27.2;21.2. Measurement of Pit Depth;135 27.3;21.3. Load and Temperature;136 27.4;21.4. Humidity;137 28;CHAPTER 22. EXAMPLES OF TRIBOLOGICAL COMPONENTS;140 28.1;22.1. Gears;140 28.2;22.2. Bearings;144 28.3;22.3. Piston Rings;146 28.4;22.4. Wear under Impact Condition;146 29;CHAPTER 23. WEAR OF BRASS;148 29.1;23.1. Weight Loss With Sliding Distance;148 29.2;23.2. Wear Rate;149 29.3;23.3. Transition Load;151 30;CHAPTER 24. FRICTION AND WEAR OF GRAPHITE AND CARBIDE;154 30.1;24.1. Graphite;154 30.2;24.2. Carhides;155 31;CHAPTER 25. WEAR OF CAST IRON;157 31.1;25.1. The Role of Graphite;157 31.2;25.2. Hardness;
158 31.3;25.3. Lubricated Sliding Wear;159 31.4;25.4. Non-Lubricated Sliding Wear.;161 31.5;25.5. Concluding Remarks;163 32;CHAPTER 26. WEAR OF ALUMINIUM-SILICON ALLOYS;165 32.1;26.1. Effect of Silicon on Wear;165 32.2;26.2. Deformation of a Bush;166 32.3;26.3. A physical Model;167 32.4;26.4. Wear Rate;168 33;CHAPTER 27. DESIGN FOR WEAR RESISTANCE;171 33.1;27.1. Fatigue Wear;171 33.2;27.2. Erosive Wear;171 33.3;27.3. Cavitation Erosion;172 33.4;27.4. Design for Adhesive and Abrasive Wear Resistance;173 33.5;27.5. Importance of Wear;174 34;INDEX;178