Glutamine in Clinical Nutrition

Part I. Basic Processes at the Cellular Level and in Animal Models. - 1. Glutamine structure and function: a starter pack. - 2. Amino acid transporters and glutamine. - 3. Role of glutamine transaminases in nitrogen, sulfur, selenium and 1-carbon metabolism. - 4. Glutamine uptake and immunomodulation: an overview - Kenneth Frauwirth. - 5. The role of glutamine and glutamic acid in the pituitary gland involvement in thyroid-stimulating hormone release. - 6. Glucose-independent glutamine-driven TCA cycle in cancer cells. - 7. The role of glutamine synthetase in the glutamine independence in mammary tissue. - 8. Glutamine addiction of cancer cells. - 9. L-[5-11C]-glutamine and metabolic imaging in cancer cells. - 10. Endotoxemia and glutamine. - Part II. Glutamine Use in Critically Ill Patients and Their Diagnosis. - 11. Plasma glutamine and its levels in metabolic stress. - 12. Glutamine supplementation in major surgery and intensive care. - 13. Enteral nutrition supplemented with L-glutamine in patients with sepsis. - 14. Glutamine supplementation in multiple trauma patients. - 15. Glutamine dipeptide and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. - 16. Potential for glutamine supplementation in critically ill children. - 17. Glutamine and ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy. - 18. The oral glutamine challenge in liver cirrhosis. - Part III. Glutamine in Normal Metabolism and under Surgical Stress. - 19. Insulin secretion and the glutamine-glutamate-alpha-ketoglutarate axis. - 20. Glutamine-cycling pathway in metabolic syndrome: Systems Biology-Based Characterization of the glutamate-related metabotype and advances for Diagnosis and Treatment in Translational Medicine. - 21. Glutamine and glucagon-like peptide-1 response. - 22. Glutamine pretreatment and surgery for cleft lip/cleft palate in children. - 23. Use of perioperative glutamine dipeptide in parenteral nutrition in surgical hospital patients with malnutrition. - 24. Therapeutic use of glutamine for diabetic foot ulcers and related conditions. - Part IV. Clinical Aspects of Glutamine in the Intestine. - 25. Glutamine protects GI epithelial tight junctions. - 26. Glutamine therapy in colitis models. - 27. Glutamine supplementation and Helicobacter pylori infection. - 28. Small intestinal hypoxic injury and use of arginyl-glutamine dipeptide: applications to pediatrics. - 29. Dipeptide-bound glutamine and the intestinal microcirculation in cancer. - Part V. Clinical Aspects of Glutamine in Certain Patient Populations. - 30. Manganese toxicity and the glutamine-glutamate cycle. - 31. Glutamine and epilepsy. - 32. Glutamine supplementation in glutamine synthetase deficiency. - 33. Plasma antioxidants and glutamine supplementation in HIV. - 34. Glutamine, total antioxidant systems and damage in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. - 35. Protection by glutamine after ischemia/reperfusion injury. - 36. Glutamine and cancer immunosuppression. - 37. Combining exercise with glutamine-supplementation in cancer cachexia metabolism. - 38. Glutamine and skeletal muscle. - 39. Glutamine and myostatin expression in muscle wasting. - 40. Web based resources, and suggested readings.