Triple Oxygen Isotopes

This Element focuses on the history of discovery of triple isotope effects, the conceptual framework behind these effects, and major lines of development in the past few years of triple oxygen isotope research.

1. Introduction; 2. The first measurement of 17O value; 3. Terminology and concepts in triple oxygen isotopes; 4. Origin of large 17O anomalies in nature; 5. Origin of minor 17O deviations; 6. Analytical methods and material preparation; 7. Representative case studies of geological interests; 8. Outlook; 9. Key papers on theories, original discoveries and applications, and reviews.