YSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions 2021

This volume addresses contemporary challenges, enabled by modern technology, that concern upholding freedom of speech where it conflicts with social rights, such as respect for private and family life, and with economic rights, such as the freedom to conduct business or the right to free movement.

In today's networked world, technological shifts happen faster than most people even realize. Some of these shifts have made us all potentially powerful: media powerful. We used to sit in silence in front of newspapers and TV screens, and the world was explained to us by just a few sources. Today, thanks to the Internet, social media, and Web 2. 0, we can not only share our own thoughts with everyone in a more self-determined way, but we can also take part in public debate and even co-shape it ourselves. Of course, the Internet is not a counter-design to the communication (power) structures of the past. Gains in communicative self-determination are threatened due to algorithmisation, platformisation, and value extraction from self-created private markets.

At the same time, the empowerment of the individual challenges the old "grand speakers" who are suddenly detecting "fake news", echo chambers, and filter bubbles everywhere on the Internet. Internet-based communication allegedly hinders us from the "one truth"; as if newspaper hoaxes, propaganda, and narrow-mindedness were an invention of the Internet. The current heated debate over "fake news", copyright, and "upload filters" shows that we are unsure of how to deal with the newer and more complex phenomena of Internet-based speech. This is due in no small part to the fact that an important benchmark - our constitutional compass - is still firmly rooted in the past. Constitutions change far more slowly than technologies. Societal changes can drive constitutional changes; but what about normative content control?

Today, there are already demands for "old-school clarity": truth filters on social media platforms, horrendous sums of liability for platforms that encourage (overly)thorough cleaning up. However, it is equally true that private individuals "regulate": they decide what is found on the Internet and who may post on a given platform. Accounting for all interests at play and striking a "fair" balance that avoids both a public and private over- and under-regulation is a complex matter. The authors of this volume not only provide reflections in their highly topical contributions, but also share their understanding of what constitutes a fair balance within the larger frame of freedom of speech in a digital age.

Introduction
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Part I - C
onstitutional Challenges Protecting the Freedom of Speech after the Technology Shift:
The Impact of the New Mediators of the Digital Age on Freedom of Speech
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Freedom of Speech in the Digital Era Leveraging its Constitutional and Social Ramifications
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Internet Platforms and Freedom of Expression in Constitution-Making
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Part II - Regulating Freedom of Speech after the Technology Shift:
Let the Robot Speak!
AI-generated Speech and Freedom of Expression
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Private Life, Freedom of Expression and the Role of Transnational Digital Platforms. A European Perspective
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The Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Counterargument to Limit Platform Users Freedom of Expression
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Who Watches the Watchmen? Social Media and Election Securitization
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Part III - Indirect Regulation for the Protection of the Freedom of Speech:
The Marketplace of Ideas and EU Competition Law: Can Antitrust Be Used to Protect the Freedom of Speech?
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Building a Surveillance State in a Digital Age and What Export Control can(not) do about it?
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Part IV - Book Reviews:
Anil Yilmaz Vastardis, The Nationality of Corporate Investors under International Investment Law
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Nicolás M. Perrone, Investment Treaties and the Legal Imagination: How Foreign Investors Play by Their Own Rules
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