Flood Resilience Perceptions of Community-Based Participatory Research in Malaka-Timor, Indonesia

In her book, Apolonia Diana Sherly da Costa opens a new horizon for local participatory mapping and discussions on river flood resilience. She includes disaster-affected communities in the flood-prone district of Belu on the Timor Sea coast and at the estuary of the Benenain River in the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara on the border with Timor-Leste. Geographic information related to flood hazard distribution maps and the history of flood frequency are included in the discussion as well as in the risk assessment section. By having the community participate and contribute to the risk assessment process of hazard maps and their resilience capacity, there is the ability of behavior adaptivity to provide independent solutions to face flood disaster, which then become a local understanding of each resilience spectrum for themselves. Thus, this Timorese's local resilience spectrum to face flood hazard based on community perception can become a reference for the wider and global community wherever they are, who are and/or are not in a disaster situation and experience. The community has shown that with awareness, initiative, and willingness to work together and with asset resilience preparation at each post-flood disaster and pre-flood disaster, momentum for future flood risk anticipation can be achieved through a necessary gradual learning of flood disaster management and resilience by and for themselves.

Summary of the Book v
Acknowledgement vii
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xvii

Chapter I
Introduction 1
1. 1 Background of Research 1
1. 2 Statement of the Research s Problem 7
1. 3 The Originality of the Research 9
1. 4 Objective of the Research 12
1. 5 Research Question 12
1. 6 Importance of the Research 13
1. 7 Outline of the Book 14
1. 8 Limitation of the Research Study on the Definition
of Terms (Keywords) 15

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature 19
2. 1 Participatory GIS 19
2. 2 Vulnerability 20
2. 3 Disaster 21
2. 4 Local Involvement Leads to Mitigation Strategies 22
2. 5 Coping Capacity to Flood Hazards 23
2. 6 A Large Scale of Flood: The Case of the West-Malaka
Sub-District 24
2. 7 Concept of Resilience 27
2. 7. 1 Elements of Community Resilience 27
2. 7. 2 Processes of Community Resilience 28
2. 7. 3 Developing Partnerships and Connecting to the Public 31
2. 7. 4 Developing Media Partnerships 31
2. 7. 5 Building Broad Community Partnerships 32
2. 7. 6 The Notion of Resilience 33
2. 7. 6. 1 Livelihood Assets on Resilience 34

Chapter III
Research Site and Methodologies 39
3. 1 The Location of the Research 39
3. 1. 1 The History of the Geographic Site in Belu Regency 39
3. 1. 2 Population 41
3. 1. 3 Topography 41
3. 1. 4 Climate 43
3. 1. 5 Overview of Benanain River 45
3. 1. 5. 1 The Sites of Benanain River 45
3. 1. 5. 2 Upstream and Downstream Area of Benanain River 48
3. 1. 5. 2. 1 Physic of Benanain River 48
3. 1. 5. 2. 2 The Issue of Benanain River 49
3. 1. 6 Land use 50
3. 1. 7 Hydrology 52
3. 2 Methodologies 53
3. 2. 1 The research s outline 53
3. 2. 2 The Mapping Process 55
3. 2. 3 Data Requirement and Data Source 58
3. 2. 4 Data Collection 59
3. 2. 4. 1 Data Availability 59
3. 2. 4. 2 Fieldwork Equipment 59
3. 2. 5 Technique of Sampling 60
3. 2. 6 Research Method of Collecting the Data 62
3. 2. 6. 1 Questionnaire and Interview 62
3. 2. 6. 2 Focus Group Discussion on participatory
Geographic Information System 63
Chapter IV
Socio-Economic Conditions and Flood Disasters Based on
Respondent s Perception in Flood Affected Regions 65
4. 1 Socio-Economic Conditions 65
4. 1. 1 Gender 65
4. 1. 2 Age 66
4. 1. 3 Education 67
4. 1. 4 Occupation 69
4. 2 Respondents-based disaster perception towards the flood event in the study area through interviews 71
4. 2. 1 Frequency of Flood in the Study Area 73
4. 2. 2 Distribution of Floods in the Study Area 76
4. 2. 3 Duration of Flood Inundation Affected the
Respondents Houses in the Study Area 77
4. 2. 3. 1 Lasaen Village 77
4. 2. 3. 2 Umatoos Village 79
4. 2. 3. 3 Fafoe Village 81
4. 2. 4 Water Depth Affected the Respondents Houses in the Study Area 83
4. 2. 4. 1 Water Depth Affected the Respondents
Houses in Lasaen Village 84
4. 2. 4. 2 Water Depth Affected the Respondents
Houses in Umatoos Village 87
4. 2. 4. 3 Water Depth Affected the Respondents
Houses in Fafoe Village 90
4. 3 Respondents-Based Disaster Perception towards the Flood Events in the Study Area through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) 93
4. 3. 1 Process of Delineation and Discussion of Respondents
in the Study Area 94
4. 3. 2 Result of Sketch Map (Flood Characteristics of the
Community in the Study Area) 94
4. 3. 3 Duration of the Flood Inundation Affected the Respondents Houses in the Study Area 96
4. 3. 3. 1 Lasaen Village 96
4. 3. 3. 2 Umatoos Village 97
4. 3. 3. 3 Fafoe Village 98
4. 4 The impact of Flood Disasters 99
4. 4. 1 Flood Risk to Local People s Income (Livelihood) 99
4. 4. 2 Consequences of Floods 100
4. 4. 3 Flood Profile in the Study Area 103
4. 4. 3. 1 Lasaen Village 103
4. 4. 3. 2 Umatoos Village 106
4. 4. 3. 3 Fafoe Village 108

Chapter V
Flood Resilience Based on Community Perceptions in the Flood
Regions (Lasaen, Umatoos, and Fafoe) 111
5. 1 The Implemented Capitals of Resilience in Lasaen,
Umatoos, and Fafoe 111
5. 1. 1 Human Capital 111
5. 1. 2 Natural Capital 112
5. 1. 3 Physical Capital 113
5. 1. 3. 1 Assets of the Community 113
5. 1. 3. 2 The Type of House Construction in the
Study Area 113
5. 1. 4 Economic Capital 118
5. 1. 5 Social Capital 122
5. 1. 6 Law Capital 122
5. 1. 7 Political Capital 126
5. 1. 8 Cultural Capital 133
5. 1. 8. 1 Custom in terms of spiritual/religious views 133
5. 1. 8. 2 Customs in terms of local community wisdom
(the role of customary leaders) 134
5. 2 Resilience for the Flood Based on Community Perception through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) 136
5. 3 The Value of the Resilience Factor by Weighting
Calculation 137
Chapter VI
The Trend of Supplying Augmentation Measures of Social and
Institutional Performance in Flood Regions 139
6. 1 The Trend of Augmentation Measures of Social
Performance 139
6. 1. 1 Disaster Preparedness Team 139
6. 1. 2 Community-based Disaster Risk Management in
the Case of Flood Resilience 139
6. 1. 3 Coordination and Communication for a Flood
Alerting System 140
6. 2 The Trend of Augmentation Measures of Institutional
Performance 141

Chapter VII
Conclusion and Recommendation of the Book 143
7. 1 Conclusion 139
7. 1. 1 Flood Events 143
7. 1. 2 Community Resilience 144
7. 2 Recommendations 145

References 147
Appendix I 153
Appendix II 171
Appendix III 178
Appendix IV 184