Repertoires and Choices in African Languages

1;Preface;7 2;List of Tables, Maps and Figures;15 3;List of Languages;21 4;List of figures with cited and archived web pages;19 5;Copyrights for reproduced photographs;19 6;Abbreviations;27 7;Introduction;29 7.1;1 What this book is about;29 7.2;2 Structure of the book;38 8;1 Multilingualism on the ground;41 8.1;1.1 Societal multilingualism in Senegal;42 8.2;1.2 Individual repertoires: six case studies;50 8.2.1;1.2.1 Localist identities for moving targets;50 8.2.2;1.2.2 Purposeful alienation: the ethnolinguistic chameleon;52 8.2.3;1.2.3 The rhetorical return to lost roots;56 8.2.4;1.2.4 A return to what roots?;57 8.2.5;1.2.5 I am what I speak?;59 8.2.6;1.2.6 Well, Im not what I speak;60 8.3;1.3 Societal practices nurturing multilingualism;61 8.3.1;1.3.1 Exogynous marriage patterns and movement of daughters;62 8.3.2;1.3.2 Language acquisition in peer groups and age classes;64 8.3.3;1.3.3 Fostering;67 8.3.4;1.3.4 Professional, ritual and crisis mobility and migration;69 8.3.5;1.3.5 Joking relationships;73 8.4;1.4 Written languages and the interaction of written and spoken repertoires;76 8.4.1;1.4.1 The ecology of writing in Senegal;77 8.4.2;1.4.2 The making of guilty illiterates;82 8.4.3;1.4.3 African writing: what scope, which languages and scripts?;89 8.4.3.1;1.4.3.1 Grapho- and eurocentric ideologies and restricted literacies;89 8.4.3.2;1.4.3.2 Some literacies are more visible than others;91 8.4.3.3;1.4.3.3 Ajami literacies;93 8.4.3.4;1.4.3.4 The Geez script;98 8.4.3.5;1.4.3.5 The Bamun syllabary;99 8.4.3.6;1.4.3.6 Nko;100 8.4.3.7;1.4.3.7 The Tifinagh script;101 8.4.3.8;1.4.3.8 The Vai syllabary;103 8.5;1.5 For an integrated view of spoken and written multilingual and multiscriptal practices;103 9;2 Doing things with words;105 9.1;2.1 Some symbolic dimensions of language;107 9.2;2.2 A complete language;114 9.3;2.3 Speech registers;117 9.3.1;2.3.1 Play languages;119 9.3.2;2.3.2 Youth languages;122 9.3.3;2.3.3 Respect languages and other examples of paralexification;1
25 9.3.4;2.3.4 Special purpose languages;132 9.3.5;2.3.5 Avoidance languages;134 9.3.6;2.3.6 Ritual languages;137 9.3.7;2.3.7 Spirit languages;144 9.4;2.4 What we can learn from users of speech registers;148 10;3 Language and ideology;151 10.1;3.1 Language and power;153 10.1.1;3.1.1 Missionary activities and literacy development efforts;156 10.1.2;3.1.2 Power relationships;161 10.1.3;3.1.3 Conflicting language ideologies;162 10.2;3.2 Reducing diversity and creating standards;164 10.3;3.3 Constructing linguistic deficits and reacting to language obsolescence;169 10.3.1;3.3.1 Lack of words, abundance of sounds;170 10.3.2;3.3.2 The visible and the invisible;179 10.4;3.4 Remaining who we are: local theories and concepts of translation;183 10.4.1;3.4.1 Socio-historical background;184 10.4.2;3.4.2 Foreign text in womens tales;186 10.4.3;3.4.3 Translating silence;188 10.5;3.5 Ways of making history;190 10.5.1;3.5.1 Eastern origins;192 10.5.2;3.5.2 Hone interpretations of Kisra traditions;195 10.5.3;3.5.3 Spirits of the past;200 10.5.4;3.5.4 Where people think (and dont think) they come from;202 10.6;3.6 Ideologies, semiotics and multilingualism;203 11;4 Language and knowledge;209 11.1;4.1 Creation of knowledge;209 11.1.1;4.1.1 The invention of tradition;209 11.1.2;4.1.2 The view from within;224 11.1.3;4.1.3 Essentialization vs. inclusion;234 11.2;4.2 Invention of evolution: colonial encounters;236 11.2.1;4.2.1 Why collect, count and classify African languages?;238 11.2.2;4.2.2 Linguistics as science, and language as evolution;239 11.2.3;4.2.3 The origin of data;242 11.2.4;4.2.4 Borders based on typology: noun class ideologies;247 11.3;4.3 Epistemes and the expression of knowledge;251 11.3.1;4.3.1 Terminologies;252 11.3.2;4.3.2 Categories and the power of tradition;257 11.3.3;4.3.3 Emic and etic perspectives: Baïnounk noun classes;261 11.4;4.4 The language of knowledge;272 11.4.1;4.4.1 Evidentials and perception;273 11.4.2;4.4.2 When knowledge systems converge: Atlantic nou
n classes again;281 11.5;4.5 Endangered knowledge;285 12;5 Language dynamics;295 12.1;5.1 A glance at linguistic diversity;295 12.2;5.2 Africa in the context of global endangerment discourses;296 12.2.1;5.2.1 African languages as the marginalized among the marginalized;296 12.2.2;5.2.2 Inapplicable global endangerment criteria;298 12.2.3;5.2.3 Ignoring multilingualism and real language dynamics;303 12.3;5.3 Linguistic rhetoric surrounding endangered languages;307 12.3.1;5.3.1 The misleading equation of rare with small or endangered;307 12.3.2;5.3.2 Sociohistorical versus biologistic reasoning surrounding endangered languages;311 12.4;5.4 Where and why African languages are vital or dying;319 12.4.1;5.4.1 Language death in the literal sense;319 12.4.2;5.4.2 Languages and climate change;321 12.4.3;5.4.3 Languages and civil unrest;326 12.4.4;5.4.4 Urbanization;329 12.5;5.5 Africa-specific vitality and endangerment criteria;335 12.5.1;5.5.1 The existence of communities of practice and social networks for language socialization in a given language ecology;336 12.5.2;5.5.2 A home base providing the opportunities for maintaining and creating communities of practice and social networks in a given language ecology;337 12.5.3;5.5.3 Socioeconomic and political stability in the language ecology in question;337 12.5.4;5.5.4 Attitudes by speakers and non-speakers to the language ecology;338 12.5.5;5.5.5 The reification of languages in the ecology as named languages and their authentication as fully-fledged languages;339 12.6;5.6 Responses to language endangerment and marginalization in Africa;340 12.6.1;5.6.1 Overcoming colonial language policies?;340 12.6.2;5.6.2 Continuing imbalanced power relationships;341 12.6.3;5.6.3 The mimesis of mimesis: mimetic excess;343 12.6.4;5.6.4 Outsiders as the owners of African languages;350 12.6.5;5.6.5 Linguists as failing to inform discourses of endangerment;351 12.7;5.7 Language as a thing versus language as flexible social practice;355 12.8;
5.8 Consequences for the relationships of documentation with maintenance and revitalization;360 12.9;5.9 Revitalization in the future;367 13;6 Not languages: repertoires as lived and living experience;373 13.1;6.1 Lessons from Africa;373 13.2;6.2 Changing our metaphors;375 13.3;6.3 The promise of a different approach;377 13.4;6.4 On the way, obstacles;379 13.4.1;6.4.1 Hegemonic northern discourses;379 13.4.2;6.4.2 The canon of descriptive linguistics: power relations in a small field;379 13.4.3;6.4.3 Researchers and communities as generic pawns on a competitive playing field;380 13.5;6.5 Finally, a vision;381 13.5.1;6.5.1 First of all: more time and freedom;382 13.5.2;6.5.2 Then: the notion of quality;382 13.5.3;6.5.3 The result: open-ended collaborative projects;383 13.6;6.6 Paradigms as they shift and shuffle;384 13.6.1;6.6.1 African languages as agency - awake or sleeping;384 13.6.2;6.6.2 The tangible realm of language;386 14;References;388 15;Language Index;419 16;Subject Index;422 17;Author Index;427

Friederike Lüpke, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK; Anne Storch, Institute for African Studies and Egyptology, University of Cologne, Germany.

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